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Shiva and Parvati are shown in the foreground of the painting seated beside Nandi the bull. Five Gods join hands in supplication before them and ask Shiva to rid the world of the rakshasas, who advises them to ask Vishnu. In the top register, Vishnu and Sri are shown seated beside Garuda. The Gods ask Vishnu for help and he agrees

Shiva and Parvati are shown in the foreground of the painting seated beside Nandi the bull. Five Gods join hands in supplication before them and ask Shiva to rid the world of the rakshasas, who advises them to ask Vishnu. In the top register, Vishnu and Sri are shown seated beside Garuda. The Gods ask Vishnu for help and he agrees

BL3283174

The top register shows Kaikasi meeting Visravas who was engaged in the fire sacrifice. Visravas is annoyed at this inauspicious interruption and predicts that Kaikasi's children by him will be cruel and horrific demons, except for her youngest who will be virtuous like his father. The lower register shows them with their demon sons and demoness daughter

The top register shows Kaikasi meeting Visravas who was engaged in the fire sacrifice. Visravas is annoyed at this inauspicious interruption and predicts that Kaikasi's children by him will be cruel and horrific demons, except for her youngest who will be virtuous like his father. The lower register shows them with their demon sons and demoness daughter

BL3283180

On the left, Sumali, Ravana's maternal grandfather rises from the netherworld and begs Ravana to occupy Lanka, from where the demons had been driven out by Vishnu. On the right, Prahasta, a demon sent by Ravana, is shown crossing the ocean to Lanka to ask Vaisravana if the demons could be reinstated there

On the left, Sumali, Ravana's maternal grandfather rises from the netherworld and begs Ravana to occupy Lanka, from where the demons had been driven out by Vishnu. On the right, Prahasta, a demon sent by Ravana, is shown crossing the ocean to Lanka to ask Vaisravana if the demons could be reinstated there

BL3283181

On the left, Dhanada (Vaisravana), Lord of Wealth, in his palace on Mount Kailasa, asks Manibhadra, the prince of the Yakshas, to fight the demons. Manibhadra is shown as a giant with joined hands. The right section depicts the battle between Ravana and Manibhadra

On the left, Dhanada (Vaisravana), Lord of Wealth, in his palace on Mount Kailasa, asks Manibhadra, the prince of the Yakshas, to fight the demons. Manibhadra is shown as a giant with joined hands. The right section depicts the battle between Ravana and Manibhadra

BL3283188

Dhanada battles Ravana. Dhanada (Vaisravana), the Lord of Wealth, is shown on the Puspaka chariot in flight aiming arrows against his foe. Ravana is on his steed on the right and the two armies are depicted in fierce battle

Dhanada battles Ravana. Dhanada (Vaisravana), the Lord of Wealth, is shown on the Puspaka chariot in flight aiming arrows against his foe. Ravana is on his steed on the right and the two armies are depicted in fierce battle

BL3283190

The top left section shows Ravana and the demons roaming the earth. In the top right, they meet King Maratha and the gods performing a sacrifice. The gods assume the form of animals out of fear of Ravana. King Maratha and Samvarta are seen conversing in the lower left section while Ravana and the demons look on. The lower right section depicts the four Gods reverting back to their original form

The top left section shows Ravana and the demons roaming the earth. In the top right, they meet King Maratha and the gods performing a sacrifice. The gods assume the form of animals out of fear of Ravana. King Maratha and Samvarta are seen conversing in the lower left section while Ravana and the demons look on. The lower right section depicts the four Gods reverting back to their original form

BL3283192

Ravana goes to the Narmada river. On the left, the titans are shown carrying the sacred linga and placing it before Ravana with the flowers necessary for worship. Ravana is shown placing the linga on the flowers and cleansing himself in the Narmada. On the right, King Arjuna is bathing in the river with his wives

Ravana goes to the Narmada river. On the left, the titans are shown carrying the sacred linga and placing it before Ravana with the flowers necessary for worship. Ravana is shown placing the linga on the flowers and cleansing himself in the Narmada. On the right, King Arjuna is bathing in the river with his wives

BL3283193

On the left, Ravana in a puspaka chariot and the titans heading further up river to fight Arjuna. On the right Arjuna is in the river with his wives, who beg him not to fight Ravana. Arjuna fights Ravana's general, Prahasta, who is overcome

On the left, Ravana in a puspaka chariot and the titans heading further up river to fight Arjuna. On the right Arjuna is in the river with his wives, who beg him not to fight Ravana. Arjuna fights Ravana's general, Prahasta, who is overcome

BL3283194

Ravana seeks out Bali. Ravana, desirous of challenging anyone who had renowned strength, decides to fight Bali, the monkey king. He is shown in conversation with Tara and Sugriva and is told that Bali has gone to the southern ocean in order to perform the Sandhya ceremony. The kingdom of Kishkinda is painted on the left

Ravana seeks out Bali. Ravana, desirous of challenging anyone who had renowned strength, decides to fight Bali, the monkey king. He is shown in conversation with Tara and Sugriva and is told that Bali has gone to the southern ocean in order to perform the Sandhya ceremony. The kingdom of Kishkinda is painted on the left

BL3283197

The mahapurusha has been depicted as Vishnu lying on his couch, the serpent, with Lakshmi at his feet. Ravana is shown falling down and then departing. He abducts hundreds of women in his puspaka chariot before he departs, depicted in the background

The mahapurusha has been depicted as Vishnu lying on his couch, the serpent, with Lakshmi at his feet. Ravana is shown falling down and then departing. He abducts hundreds of women in his puspaka chariot before he departs, depicted in the background

BL3283210

The top left register shows Brahma, Siva and Vishnu following Indra while watching events below where Ravana is surrounded by his demon army. The lower section shows Ravani, Ravana's son, in armour on a horse leading Indra away with his hands bound. The top right shows the gods led by Brahma, approaching Ravana and Ravani to ask for Indra's release

The top left register shows Brahma, Siva and Vishnu following Indra while watching events below where Ravana is surrounded by his demon army. The lower section shows Ravani, Ravana's son, in armour on a horse leading Indra away with his hands bound. The top right shows the gods led by Brahma, approaching Ravana and Ravani to ask for Indra's release

BL3283220

As Rāma and the procession reach the banks of the river Sarayū, BrahmÄ and the gods appear to witness Rāma's ascent and light the sky with an effulgent glow. Accompanied by chants of 'Hail Viá¹£á¹‡u', Rāma enters the waters and ascends to heaven. He is accompanied by SugrÄ«va, his brothers, monkeys, bears and other humans. They willingly sacrifice their lives in order to ascend to heaven with him. The entire populace of AyodhyÄ witnesses the heavenly event, some plunging into the waters in order to attain moká¹£a (release from rebirth). They are shown ascending to the celestial realm with Rāma.

As Rāma and the procession reach the banks of the river Sarayū, BrahmÄ and the gods appear to witness Rāma's ascent and light the sky with an effulgent glow. Accompanied by chants of 'Hail Viá¹£á¹‡u', Rāma enters the waters and ascends to heaven. He is accompanied by SugrÄ«va, his brothers, monkeys, bears and other humans. They willingly sacrifice their lives in order to ascend to heaven with him. The entire populace of AyodhyÄ witnesses the heavenly event, some plunging into the waters in order to attain moká¹£a (release from rebirth). They are shown ascending to the celestial realm with Rāma.

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Crossing the Ganges

Crossing the Ganges

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Rāvaṇa in his chariot has advanced to offer combat. SugrÄ«va hurls a rock and falls pierced in the breast by Rāvaṇa's arrow. Other monkeys are pierced by Rāvaṇa's arrows, agitated they beseech Rāma to save them, and Lakṣmaṇa seeks permission to set forth. Hanumān jumps on to Rāvaṇa's chariot and strikes him on the breast. Bits of wood, lying about like matchsticks, are the trees which Nīla has hurled at Rāvaṇa and which he has torn up. Nīla now assumes a diminutive form and leaps onto Rāvaṇa's battle standard, which displays a snake, and from there to the peak of his diadem, but falls pierced by Rāvaṇa's arrow. Lakṣmaṇa advances into battle and tells Rāvaṇa to desist from fighting the monkeys and to fight him instead.

Rāvaṇa in his chariot has advanced to offer combat. SugrÄ«va hurls a rock and falls pierced in the breast by Rāvaṇa's arrow. Other monkeys are pierced by Rāvaṇa's arrows, agitated they beseech Rāma to save them, and Lakṣmaṇa seeks permission to set forth. Hanumān jumps on to Rāvaṇa's chariot and strikes him on the breast. Bits of wood, lying about like matchsticks, are the trees which Nīla has hurled at Rāvaṇa and which he has torn up. Nīla now assumes a diminutive form and leaps onto Rāvaṇa's battle standard, which displays a snake, and from there to the peak of his diadem, but falls pierced by Rāvaṇa's arrow. Lakṣmaṇa advances into battle and tells Rāvaṇa to desist from fighting the monkeys and to fight him instead.

BL3283095

Hanumān tells Rāma to climb onto his back to attack Rāvaṇa, like Viá¹£á¹‡u on his eagle mount Garuá¸a. The furious Rāma advances into battle on Hanumān's back and one of his arrows pierces Rāvaṇa's crown, which falls to the ground. Rāvaṇa is wounded but allowed by the chivalrous Rāma to retire with his army; downcast he marches off. Lakṣmaṇa still lies wounded on the left.

Hanumān tells Rāma to climb onto his back to attack Rāvaṇa, like Viá¹£á¹‡u on his eagle mount Garuá¸a. The furious Rāma advances into battle on Hanumān's back and one of his arrows pierces Rāvaṇa's crown, which falls to the ground. Rāvaṇa is wounded but allowed by the chivalrous Rāma to retire with his army; downcast he marches off. Lakṣmaṇa still lies wounded on the left.

BL3283096

Tourists on a boat in front of the Taj lake palace hotel on lake Pichola, Rajasthan, Udaipur, India, 2019 (photo)

Tourists on a boat in front of the Taj lake palace hotel on lake Pichola, Rajasthan, Udaipur, India, 2019 (photo)

Eric Lafforgue

LFG7357246

Palm tree on jag mandir palace built on an island in the lake Pichola, Rajasthan, Udaipur, India, 2019 (photo)

Palm tree on jag mandir palace built on an island in the lake Pichola, Rajasthan, Udaipur, India, 2019 (photo)

Eric Lafforgue

LFG7356996

Highly pleased with the information he brought, Rāma asks Lakṣmaṇa to fetch water from the ocean and consecrates VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a as king of Laṅkā. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a advises Rāma to seek the help of his ancestor the Ocean to make a path for his army across to Laṅkā, and Rāma prepares to propitiate it.

Highly pleased with the information he brought, Rāma asks Lakṣmaṇa to fetch water from the ocean and consecrates VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a as king of Laṅkā. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a advises Rāma to seek the help of his ancestor the Ocean to make a path for his army across to Laṅkā, and Rāma prepares to propitiate it.

BL3306352

Rāma and Rāvaṇa renew their assaults on each other. The gods have decided that the contest is unequal, since Rāvaṇa is in his chariot while Rāma is on foot, so MÄtali, charioteer of the god Indra, at his master's command brings to Rāma Indra's chariot, with Indra's arms and armour in it (arms only according to the text). As a divine happening, MÄtali's meeting with Rāma is depicted over the horizon. MÄtali drives Rāma (now clad in Indra's golden armour) and Lakṣmaṇa into battle, the chariot's pennant being the solar standard of Mewar. Rāvaṇa in his chariot with its serpent standard advances to meet him. The two exchange furious onslaughts on each other as well as threats, but Rāma's attack, combined with the assaults of the monkeys, prove too much for Rāvaṇa, and his charioteer removes him from the battlefield for a respite, much to his master's fury.

Rāma and Rāvaṇa renew their assaults on each other. The gods have decided that the contest is unequal, since Rāvaṇa is in his chariot while Rāma is on foot, so MÄtali, charioteer of the god Indra, at his master's command brings to Rāma Indra's chariot, with Indra's arms and armour in it (arms only according to the text). As a divine happening, MÄtali's meeting with Rāma is depicted over the horizon. MÄtali drives Rāma (now clad in Indra's golden armour) and Lakṣmaṇa into battle, the chariot's pennant being the solar standard of Mewar. Rāvaṇa in his chariot with its serpent standard advances to meet him. The two exchange furious onslaughts on each other as well as threats, but Rāma's attack, combined with the assaults of the monkeys, prove too much for Rāvaṇa, and his charioteer removes him from the battlefield for a respite, much to his master's fury.

BL3283144

Hanumān lands with his mountain peak just outside the walls of Laṅkā and various monkeys start to explore it. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a seems to be making a herbal poultice, while Suá¹£eá¹‡a holds a magical healing herb under Lakṣmaṇa's nose, which cures him miraculously. Lakṣmaṇa arises and he and Rāma embrace. Rāma tells him that neither Sītā, nor victory, nor life itself would hold any meaning for him without his brother, but Lakṣmaṇa reproves him: it is his duty to slay Rāvaṇa that very day and recover his wife. Demons run to tell Rāvaṇa in his palace of Hanumān 's arrival.

Hanumān lands with his mountain peak just outside the walls of Laṅkā and various monkeys start to explore it. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a seems to be making a herbal poultice, while Suá¹£eá¹‡a holds a magical healing herb under Lakṣmaṇa's nose, which cures him miraculously. Lakṣmaṇa arises and he and Rāma embrace. Rāma tells him that neither Sītā, nor victory, nor life itself would hold any meaning for him without his brother, but Lakṣmaṇa reproves him: it is his duty to slay Rāvaṇa that very day and recover his wife. Demons run to tell Rāvaṇa in his palace of Hanumān 's arrival.

BL3283146

Brahma is seen flying on his mount, the goose, and again in the left foreground granting the young Vaisravana a boon as the Lord of Wealth. Vaisravana is shown in the Pushpaka chariot in the background and then with his father Visravas, when he asks for advice on where to live

Brahma is seen flying on his mount, the goose, and again in the left foreground granting the young Vaisravana a boon as the Lord of Wealth. Vaisravana is shown in the Pushpaka chariot in the background and then with his father Visravas, when he asks for advice on where to live

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Bharadvaja talks to his daughter and offers her to Visravas, who receives her into his hermitage on the left. Flowers are showered from heaven on the birth of Visravas' son, named Vaishravana

Bharadvaja talks to his daughter and offers her to Visravas, who receives her into his hermitage on the left. Flowers are showered from heaven on the birth of Visravas' son, named Vaishravana

BL3283167

Sukesha obtains sovereignty of the rakshasas on account of rigid penance and ascetic practices. He is shown first as an ascetic in the foreground of the painting. Sukesha and Devavati are then shown seated in a pavilion on the left with their sons Malyavan, Sumali and Mali directly outside

Sukesha obtains sovereignty of the rakshasas on account of rigid penance and ascetic practices. He is shown first as an ascetic in the foreground of the painting. Sukesha and Devavati are then shown seated in a pavilion on the left with their sons Malyavan, Sumali and Mali directly outside

BL3283172

Sukesha's sons practice penance. The three sons of Sukesha are shown on the left with an ascetic. Garbed as ascetics they are then shown below paying obeisance to Brahma and gaining favourable boons from him. Brahma is seated on a lotus having descended from his vehicle of geese. The three sons are then shown on the right accompanied by titans crossing from the mainland to Lanka

Sukesha's sons practice penance. The three sons of Sukesha are shown on the left with an ascetic. Garbed as ascetics they are then shown below paying obeisance to Brahma and gaining favourable boons from him. Brahma is seated on a lotus having descended from his vehicle of geese. The three sons are then shown on the right accompanied by titans crossing from the mainland to Lanka

BL3283176

Sukesha's sons decide to proceed into battle against the Gods. They are shown conferring with each other in the palace in Lanka in the right section of the painting. The left section depicts them mounted on their battle steeds of horses, fish, snakes, leopards, tigers and elephants marching out of Lanka ready to proceed to Devaloka (home of the Gods) to fight Vishnu and his army

Sukesha's sons decide to proceed into battle against the Gods. They are shown conferring with each other in the palace in Lanka in the right section of the painting. The left section depicts them mounted on their battle steeds of horses, fish, snakes, leopards, tigers and elephants marching out of Lanka ready to proceed to Devaloka (home of the Gods) to fight Vishnu and his army

BL3283178

Vishnu battles Malyavan. Vishnu is seen here in the top centre leading the army of the Gods to the right and is shown defeating Malyavan. On the left, Sumali and the demon army retreat in shame to the netherworlds

Vishnu battles Malyavan. Vishnu is seen here in the top centre leading the army of the Gods to the right and is shown defeating Malyavan. On the left, Sumali and the demon army retreat in shame to the netherworlds

BL3283179

The left section shown Brahma observing Kumbhakarna's penance and granting him a boon. He is tricked, by the Gods and Brahma, into asking that he may sleep for a great length of time. On the right, Bibishana asks that he should always be righteous, perform his duty and be able to use the Brahma weapon

The left section shown Brahma observing Kumbhakarna's penance and granting him a boon. He is tricked, by the Gods and Brahma, into asking that he may sleep for a great length of time. On the right, Bibishana asks that he should always be righteous, perform his duty and be able to use the Brahma weapon

BL3283182

On the right, Vaisravana is shown visiting his father. On the left, Dasagriva and Kumbhakarna perform the severest of penance. Brahma descends from the heavens and prevents him from completing his penance. Brahma grants Dasagriva a boon that he may never be killed by the Gods and that he may be able to take any form he desires

On the right, Vaisravana is shown visiting his father. On the left, Dasagriva and Kumbhakarna perform the severest of penance. Brahma descends from the heavens and prevents him from completing his penance. Brahma grants Dasagriva a boon that he may never be killed by the Gods and that he may be able to take any form he desires

BL3283183

Ravana chances upon Vedavati, a beautiful ascetic living in the forest. Ravana, lusting for her, grabs her by the hair. Having been defiled by the touch of a rakshasa (demon), she is condemned to be reborn as Sita. She foretells that she will bring about Ravana's downfall in her next life

Ravana chances upon Vedavati, a beautiful ascetic living in the forest. Ravana, lusting for her, grabs her by the hair. Having been defiled by the touch of a rakshasa (demon), she is condemned to be reborn as Sita. She foretells that she will bring about Ravana's downfall in her next life

BL3283191

Ravana is astonished at the speed, strength and prowess of Bali and asks for his hand in friendship. They are shown seated together with the titans and monkeys, chewing paan or betelnut

Ravana is astonished at the speed, strength and prowess of Bali and asks for his hand in friendship. They are shown seated together with the titans and monkeys, chewing paan or betelnut

BL3283195

Ravana visits the moon. Ravana ascends higher and higher, travelling past the source of the Ganges where elephants frolic in sacred waters, depicted in the left corner. Two garudas and two birds are shown flying on the left indicating the aerial realms that Ravana traverses. The moon is symbolically shown on the right and the steel gray background depicts the icy weather on the moon. Brahma intervenes and begs Ravana to turn back

Ravana visits the moon. Ravana ascends higher and higher, travelling past the source of the Ganges where elephants frolic in sacred waters, depicted in the left corner. Two garudas and two birds are shown flying on the left indicating the aerial realms that Ravana traverses. The moon is symbolically shown on the right and the steel gray background depicts the icy weather on the moon. Brahma intervenes and begs Ravana to turn back

BL3283202

Ravana battles against Mandhata, Lord of Ayodhya. The two sages Poulastya and Galava restrain them and, when reconciled, the sages depart

Ravana battles against Mandhata, Lord of Ayodhya. The two sages Poulastya and Galava restrain them and, when reconciled, the sages depart

BL3283205

Ravana tries to fight the mahapurusha, who is actually the great sage Kapila. Kapila is shown vanquishing Ravana, who falls

Ravana tries to fight the mahapurusha, who is actually the great sage Kapila. Kapila is shown vanquishing Ravana, who falls

BL3283207

Ravana and his demon army proceed to Indraloka en route to Devaloka to fight the gods. Indra is shown on his elephant in the background perhaps on his way to Devaloka to rally the gods and ask Vishnu for his help in fighting Ravana

Ravana and his demon army proceed to Indraloka en route to Devaloka to fight the gods. Indra is shown on his elephant in the background perhaps on his way to Devaloka to rally the gods and ask Vishnu for his help in fighting Ravana

BL3283214

Rama thanks his allies. He offers them gifts and grants them leave to return to their kingdoms. He thanks the monkeys, bears and Vibhishana and also gives them gifts. They all depart and return to their kingdoms

Rama thanks his allies. He offers them gifts and grants them leave to return to their kingdoms. He thanks the monkeys, bears and Vibhishana and also gives them gifts. They all depart and return to their kingdoms

BL3283224

On his way to confront the demon Lavana, Shatrughana rests at the hermitage of Valmiki

On his way to confront the demon Lavana, Shatrughana rests at the hermitage of Valmiki

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The Gods, having lauded Rama for restoring harmony to his kingdom, request him to visit the sage Agastya's hermitage with them. Rama proceeds through a forest where birds and beasts abound

The Gods, having lauded Rama for restoring harmony to his kingdom, request him to visit the sage Agastya's hermitage with them. Rama proceeds through a forest where birds and beasts abound

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Shatrughana departs Ayodhya to return to his kingdom. He is shown leaving the city accompanied by his attendants

Shatrughana departs Ayodhya to return to his kingdom. He is shown leaving the city accompanied by his attendants

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Rāvaṇa is overwhelmed by grief (all his heads in profile) on hearing of his last remaining son's death. Then furious with rage, he rushes with his upraised sword at Sītā, who calmly awaits her fate seated in her grove, but he is restrained by his minister SupÄrÅ›va. In order to intimidate Rāma for his own going forth on the morrow, he decides to send out his army yet again to the accompaniment of war-drums and trumpets being beaten and blown, while his own bow is made ready.

Rāvaṇa is overwhelmed by grief (all his heads in profile) on hearing of his last remaining son's death. Then furious with rage, he rushes with his upraised sword at Sītā, who calmly awaits her fate seated in her grove, but he is restrained by his minister SupÄrÅ›va. In order to intimidate Rāma for his own going forth on the morrow, he decides to send out his army yet again to the accompaniment of war-drums and trumpets being beaten and blown, while his own bow is made ready.

BL3283128

Dasaratha distributes payasa

Dasaratha distributes payasa

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Two Dervishes, Religious Mendicants, Udaipur, c.1810-20 (gouache on paper)

Two Dervishes, Religious Mendicants, Udaipur, c.1810-20 (gouache on paper)

Indian School, (19th century)

ASC136608

Add 15296 (1) f.34r, Rama accepts his banishment with perfect equanimity, and he and Laksmana take leave of Kaikeyi and Dasaratha, who with head downcast and averted gaze cannot bring himself to look at his son. He and Laksmana leave Kaikeyi's palace and go to that of Rama's mother Kausalya

Add 15296 (1) f.34r, Rama accepts his banishment with perfect equanimity, and he and Laksmana take leave of Kaikeyi and Dasaratha, who with head downcast and averted gaze cannot bring himself to look at his son. He and Laksmana leave Kaikeyi's palace and go to that of Rama's mother Kausalya

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3282996

Add 15296 (1) f.69r, Bharadvaja, on the right in his hermitage, advises the travellers of the way to Citrakuta. In the centre, they cross the Yamuna on an improvised raft, with Sita praying again to the goddess of the river for a safe return, and on the bottom left, find the great banyan tree Bharadvaja had told them about, where Rama and Sita pluck its fruits. A few miles farther on, having hunted for deer, Laksmana again cooks the meat on skewers and they prepare to spend the night there.

Add 15296 (1) f.69r, Bharadvaja, on the right in his hermitage, advises the travellers of the way to Citrakuta. In the centre, they cross the Yamuna on an improvised raft, with Sita praying again to the goddess of the river for a safe return, and on the bottom left, find the great banyan tree Bharadvaja had told them about, where Rama and Sita pluck its fruits. A few miles farther on, having hunted for deer, Laksmana again cooks the meat on skewers and they prepare to spend the night there.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283007

Add 15296 (1) f.96r, Bharata and Shatrughna have performed their father's funeral rites and fourteen days later, after the prescribed period of mourning, the priests headed by Vasistha and ministers bring the necessary articles for coronation to Bharata in the throne-room. Bharata is seated on a small throne, not the elaborate one occupied by his father, with the urn with his father's ashes at the front. The floor is covered by a rich carpet in Mughal style. The chiefs of the army stand on the other side of Bharata and his brother. Bharata refuses to be crowned and announces that he will bring Rama back from exile and stay in the forest himself for fourteen years. He orders the army chiefs to prepare the way for him and the whole court to seek out Rama and bring him back to Ayodhya.

Add 15296 (1) f.96r, Bharata and Shatrughna have performed their father's funeral rites and fourteen days later, after the prescribed period of mourning, the priests headed by Vasistha and ministers bring the necessary articles for coronation to Bharata in the throne-room. Bharata is seated on a small throne, not the elaborate one occupied by his father, with the urn with his father's ashes at the front. The floor is covered by a rich carpet in Mughal style. The chiefs of the army stand on the other side of Bharata and his brother. Bharata refuses to be crowned and announces that he will bring Rama back from exile and stay in the forest himself for fourteen years. He orders the army chiefs to prepare the way for him and the whole court to seek out Rama and bring him back to Ayodhya.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283015

Add 15296 (1) f.90r, The princes go off to meet their other mothers in their zenana, but Kausalya and Sumitra, dressed in mourning saris of red and yellow, having heard of their return, have already set off to meet them. Kausalya reproaches Bharata for having cheated Rama out of his kingdom, but having assured her of his innocence in the matter and having bitterly cursed the person responsible for Rama's exile, he falls fainting at Kausalya's feet. She accepts his assurances. In the morning, in a pavilion where the two queens, two princes and various ministers are seated, Vasistha advises Bharata to cease his lamentations and begin his father's funeral rites.

Add 15296 (1) f.90r, The princes go off to meet their other mothers in their zenana, but Kausalya and Sumitra, dressed in mourning saris of red and yellow, having heard of their return, have already set off to meet them. Kausalya reproaches Bharata for having cheated Rama out of his kingdom, but having assured her of his innocence in the matter and having bitterly cursed the person responsible for Rama's exile, he falls fainting at Kausalya's feet. She accepts his assurances. In the morning, in a pavilion where the two queens, two princes and various ministers are seated, Vasistha advises Bharata to cease his lamentations and begin his father's funeral rites.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283019

Add 15296 (1) f.121r, Rama is seated on a mat facing the two brothers, with the three queens and Sita on his right. Bharata continues to urge Rama to return to Ayodhya to be crowned, arguing that their father had sinned against him for fear of his wife's wrath. But Rama still refuses, citing Kaikeyi's right to insist on the two boons promised by Dasaratha, and their duty to fulfil them, and he instructs Bharata to return to Ayodhya to be installed lest their father end up in hell. Vasistha and Sumantra, with Laksmana between them, are seated in front. Vasistha also trieSita persuade Rama to return with them by claiming that in the unbroken line of descent of the Iksvaku dynasty only the eldest son had ever become king, but Rama cites obedience to his father's command as a higher duty. Bharata says that he is unfit to govern the kingdom and that he will Ramain in the forest instead of Rama, but again Rama cites the absolute imperative of a parent's command. Bharata appeals to the asse

Add 15296 (1) f.121r, Rama is seated on a mat facing the two brothers, with the three queens and Sita on his right. Bharata continues to urge Rama to return to Ayodhya to be crowned, arguing that their father had sinned against him for fear of his wife's wrath. But Rama still refuses, citing Kaikeyi's right to insist on the two boons promised by Dasaratha, and their duty to fulfil them, and he instructs Bharata to return to Ayodhya to be installed lest their father end up in hell. Vasistha and Sumantra, with Laksmana between them, are seated in front. Vasistha also trieSita persuade Rama to return with them by claiming that in the unbroken line of descent of the Iksvaku dynasty only the eldest son had ever become king, but Rama cites obedience to his father's command as a higher duty. Bharata says that he is unfit to govern the kingdom and that he will Ramain in the forest instead of Rama, but again Rama cites the absolute imperative of a parent's command. Bharata appeals to the asse

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283036

Add 15296 (2) f.33r, The angry Laksmana has reached the gate of Kiskindha, where he is welcomed by Angada, Bali's son, and other monkeys. Inside the palace, the crowned Sugriva, seated with the wise Tara on a couch, is slowly brought round from his slothful inebriation. Hanuman tells him that autumn has now arrived and with it the time for action, and advises him to appease Laksmana's wrath by humble submission.

Add 15296 (2) f.33r, The angry Laksmana has reached the gate of Kiskindha, where he is welcomed by Angada, Bali's son, and other monkeys. Inside the palace, the crowned Sugriva, seated with the wise Tara on a couch, is slowly brought round from his slothful inebriation. Hanuman tells him that autumn has now arrived and with it the time for action, and advises him to appease Laksmana's wrath by humble submission.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283047

Add 15296 (2) f.38r, Laksmana enters Sugriva's palace, and is received by the latter bowing down to the ground, with his ministers behind him. The two are reconciled. On the left, Sugriva and Laksmana converse on a couch. Sugriva tells Hanuman to summon his entire army of monkeys, while on the right four monkeys leap to the four quarters, summoning all the troops together.

Add 15296 (2) f.38r, Laksmana enters Sugriva's palace, and is received by the latter bowing down to the ground, with his ministers behind him. The two are reconciled. On the left, Sugriva and Laksmana converse on a couch. Sugriva tells Hanuman to summon his entire army of monkeys, while on the right four monkeys leap to the four quarters, summoning all the troops together.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283049

Add 15296 (2) f.30r, On Mount Prasravana, the two princes wait until the advent of autumn and of the season for going to war, in the meantime revelling in the beauty of the flora and fauna on the mountain and the wonders of the rainy season. But once enthroned, Sugriva has given himself up to courtly pleasures and forgotten his promise to his ally. Now that autumn has come, the angry Rama, seated cross-legged on a lotus-seat, tells Laksmana to go to Kiskindha to remind the dilatory Sugriva of his promise to assist him to recover Sita. Laksmana is enraged at Sugriva's idleness and threatens to slay him, but Rama pacifies him and he duly Sita out.

Add 15296 (2) f.30r, On Mount Prasravana, the two princes wait until the advent of autumn and of the season for going to war, in the meantime revelling in the beauty of the flora and fauna on the mountain and the wonders of the rainy season. But once enthroned, Sugriva has given himself up to courtly pleasures and forgotten his promise to his ally. Now that autumn has come, the angry Rama, seated cross-legged on a lotus-seat, tells Laksmana to go to Kiskindha to remind the dilatory Sugriva of his promise to assist him to recover Sita. Laksmana is enraged at Sugriva's idleness and threatens to slay him, but Rama pacifies him and he duly Sita out.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283052

Add 15296 (2) f.25r, The body of Bali, covered in white, is borne in a domed and beflagged palanquin from the palace and consumed in a funeral pyre, with Sugriva and Angada leading the funeral rites.

Add 15296 (2) f.25r, The body of Bali, covered in white, is borne in a domed and beflagged palanquin from the palace and consumed in a funeral pyre, with Sugriva and Angada leading the funeral rites.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283054

Add 15296 (2) f.44r, Rama seated on a seat of lotus petals in his cave, with Laksmana standing beside him, is overjoyed at seeing the vast army of monkeys that Sugriva has brought with him. Sugriva falls at Rama's feet and the monkey ministers also respectfully greet him. Sugriva tells him of the innumerable monkeys who will be available to assist him in searching for the place where Ravana has taken Sita

Add 15296 (2) f.44r, Rama seated on a seat of lotus petals in his cave, with Laksmana standing beside him, is overjoyed at seeing the vast army of monkeys that Sugriva has brought with him. Sugriva falls at Rama's feet and the monkey ministers also respectfully greet him. Sugriva tells him of the innumerable monkeys who will be available to assist him in searching for the place where Ravana has taken Sita

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283059

Add 15296 (2) f.61r, Still desperately searching for Sita in the mountainous wilderness, the monkeys find the entrance to an enticing cave. On the left, in a separate panel, the monkeys cavort in a flowering tree outside the small entrance to the cave, through which two of the monkeys are diving. On the right, the monkeys emerge through the other end of the cave into a wonderful cavern filled with pavilions of gold and jewels and golden trees. There they find and talk to the female ascetic Svayamprabha.

Add 15296 (2) f.61r, Still desperately searching for Sita in the mountainous wilderness, the monkeys find the entrance to an enticing cave. On the left, in a separate panel, the monkeys cavort in a flowering tree outside the small entrance to the cave, through which two of the monkeys are diving. On the right, the monkeys emerge through the other end of the cave into a wonderful cavern filled with pavilions of gold and jewels and golden trees. There they find and talk to the female ascetic Svayamprabha.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283063

Add 15296 (2) f.84r, Undismayed by the ocean's width, Hanuman swells himself to an immense size and, using the still-burning mountain Mahendra as a launch pad, hurls himself into space and across the ocean to the island kingdom of La?k?. The Ocean encourages Mainaka, the undersea mountain that guardSitae entrance to hell, to rise up and assist Hanuman in his flight. The mountain rises above the waves and its personification, crowned on top of his golden, flower-strewn mountain, tells Hanuman to rest, but Hanuman merely touches it with his hand and leaps off again.

Add 15296 (2) f.84r, Undismayed by the ocean's width, Hanuman swells himself to an immense size and, using the still-burning mountain Mahendra as a launch pad, hurls himself into space and across the ocean to the island kingdom of La?k?. The Ocean encourages Mainaka, the undersea mountain that guardSitae entrance to hell, to rise up and assist Hanuman in his flight. The mountain rises above the waves and its personification, crowned on top of his golden, flower-strewn mountain, tells Hanuman to rest, but Hanuman merely touches it with his hand and leaps off again.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283067

Add 15296 (2) f.68r, The monkeys have resolved to die by starving themselves to death on the shores of the southern ocean rather than return to face their king's wrath. They are seen by the wingless vulture Sampati, brother of the vulture king Jatayu, who had died trying to save Sita from the demon. Sampati had lost his wings through flying too near the sun. They tell him of Jatayu's death at the demon's hand. Sampati tellSitaem that he had seen the demon king Ravana in his aerial chariot abducting a woman, who was calling out constantly the name of Rama. The monkeys carry Sampati down from his cave in the mountain and he tells Angada and the others where Ravana has taken Sita. Ravana, he tells them, rules the kingdom of Lanka, a hundred leagues across the sea. The monkeys carry him to the shore of the ocean, where he performs the funeral rites for his brother.

Add 15296 (2) f.68r, The monkeys have resolved to die by starving themselves to death on the shores of the southern ocean rather than return to face their king's wrath. They are seen by the wingless vulture Sampati, brother of the vulture king Jatayu, who had died trying to save Sita from the demon. Sampati had lost his wings through flying too near the sun. They tell him of Jatayu's death at the demon's hand. Sampati tellSitaem that he had seen the demon king Ravana in his aerial chariot abducting a woman, who was calling out constantly the name of Rama. The monkeys carry Sampati down from his cave in the mountain and he tells Angada and the others where Ravana has taken Sita. Ravana, he tells them, rules the kingdom of Lanka, a hundred leagues across the sea. The monkeys carry him to the shore of the ocean, where he performs the funeral rites for his brother.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283070

Add 15296 (2) f.74r, Sampati's wings grow again, in accordance with the prophecy that they would do so when he had rendered a service to the world by learning where Sita had been taken, thereby enabling Rama to recover her. The monkeys exclaim in wonder as he flies around the mountain.

Add 15296 (2) f.74r, Sampati's wings grow again, in accordance with the prophecy that they would do so when he had rendered a service to the world by learning where Sita had been taken, thereby enabling Rama to recover her. The monkeys exclaim in wonder as he flies around the mountain.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283071

Add 15296 (1) f.4r, Bharata, Shatrughna and their uncle, along with retainers and two led riding horses, with loaded elephants beyond the horizon line, arrive at the palace of the king of Kekaya, Bharata's maternal grandfather, who awaits them looking out of an upper window apparently above the elephant stable.

Add 15296 (1) f.4r, Bharata, Shatrughna and their uncle, along with retainers and two led riding horses, with loaded elephants beyond the horizon line, arrive at the palace of the king of Kekaya, Bharata's maternal grandfather, who awaits them looking out of an upper window apparently above the elephant stable.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3282966

Rāvaṇa enquires as to the whereabouts of the puruá¹£a from the rÄká¹£asas. They point in the direction of a cave which he has entered. Rāvaṇa enters the cave and sees there thousands of exalted beings.

Rāvaṇa enquires as to the whereabouts of the puruá¹£a from the rÄká¹£asas. They point in the direction of a cave which he has entered. Rāvaṇa enters the cave and sees there thousands of exalted beings.

BL3283209

Rāvaṇa is sitting in his throne room surrounded by his brothers and sons (all crowned figures), having ordered his demons to go off with dishes of food to awaken Kumbhakará¹‡a. On the left, Rāma and the other leaders are gathered round the still-prostrate Lakṣmaṇa. The monkeys frolic in a tree.

Rāvaṇa is sitting in his throne room surrounded by his brothers and sons (all crowned figures), having ordered his demons to go off with dishes of food to awaken Kumbhakará¹‡a. On the left, Rāma and the other leaders are gathered round the still-prostrate Lakṣmaṇa. The monkeys frolic in a tree.

BL3283091

Rāvaṇa, on the right in his council chamber, resolves to go out to fight himself, but is beseeched not to go by his chief wife MandodarÄ«, who climbs onto his lap, and by his other women (this is not in the text). Rāvaṇa sets out nonetheless with his remaining generals and relatives, his army and his elephants. Seeing that huge mass of demons armed with every kind of weapon and composed of imperturbable soldiers and elephants as high as mountains, Rāma asks VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a to tell him who the commanders are. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a points them out, one by one.

Rāvaṇa, on the right in his council chamber, resolves to go out to fight himself, but is beseeched not to go by his chief wife MandodarÄ«, who climbs onto his lap, and by his other women (this is not in the text). Rāvaṇa sets out nonetheless with his remaining generals and relatives, his army and his elephants. Seeing that huge mass of demons armed with every kind of weapon and composed of imperturbable soldiers and elephants as high as mountains, Rāma asks VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a to tell him who the commanders are. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a points them out, one by one.

BL3283092

Kumbhakará¹‡a falls from his chariot to the consternation of his charioteer and outriders. The text mentions other ill-omens, but not this one, which is perhaps drawn in a kind of sympathy with the earlier champions.

Kumbhakará¹‡a falls from his chariot to the consternation of his charioteer and outriders. The text mentions other ill-omens, but not this one, which is perhaps drawn in a kind of sympathy with the earlier champions.

BL3283103

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